Physical science Totally Explained

Everything about Physical Science totally explained

Physical science is an encompassing term for the branches of natural science and science that study non-living systems, in contrast to the biological sciences. However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena.

Basic principles of the physical sciences

The foundations of the physical sciences rests upon key concepts and theories, each of which explains and/or models a particular aspect of the behavior of nature.

Basic principles of astronomy

Astronomy is the science of celestial bodies and their interactions in space. Its studies includes the following:

The life and characteristics of stars and galaxies
Origins of the universe. Physical science uses the Big Bang theory as the commonly accepted scientific theory of the origin of the universe
A heliocentric solar system. Ancient and primitive cultures saw the earth as the center of the solar system or universe (geocentrism). In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus advanced the ideas of heliocentrism, recognizing the sun as the center of the solar system.
The structure of the solar system, planets, comets, asteroids, and meteors
The shape and structure of Earth (roughly spherical, see also Spherical Earth)
Earth in the Solar System
Time measurement
The composition and features of the Moon
Interactions of the Earth and Moon (Note: Astronomy shouldn't be confused with astrology, which assumes that people's destiny and human affairs in general are correlated to the apparent positions of astronomical objects in the sky -- although the two fields share a common origin, they're quite different; astronomers embrace the scientific method, while astrologers do not.)

Basic principles of chemistry

Chemistry is the science of matter mainly at the micro-level. Chemistry can be called "the central science" because it connects the other natural sciences, such as astronomy, physics, material science, biology, and geology. Its studies include the following:

Atomic theory

Principles of quantum mechanics
The discovery and classification of pure elements
Dmitri Mendeleev's creation of The Periodic Table of Chemical Elements showing the relationship of chemical elements
Properties of groups, especially metals, and nonmetals

Water and its properties

Structure of the water molecule
Properties of water solutions, such as acids, bases, acid-base reaction theories, and salts

Chemical elements, chemical reactions, and energy transformations

Chemical bonds
Chemical formula based on chemical notation developed by Jöns Jakob Berzelius's
Chemical compounds
Chemical equations
Chemical thermodynamics

Nuclear chemistry

The nature of the atomic nucleus
Characterization of radioactive decay, originally discovered by Henri Becquerel

Organic chemistry, considered to have started in 1828 with the synthesis of urea by Friedrich Woehler

Basic principles of earth science

Earth science is the science of the planet Earth, the only known life-bearing planet. Its studies include the following:

Rocks and minerals

The water cycle and the process of transpiration

Freshwater, surface water, groundwater

Oceanography

Geology

Weathering and erosion
Rocks

Soil science

Earth's tectonic structure

Geomorphology and geophysics

Seismology: Stress, strain, and earthquakes
Characteristics of mountains and volcanoes

Characteristics and formation of fossils

Atmosphere of earth

Meteorology, weather, climatology, and climate

Hydrology, clouds and precipitation
Air masses and weather fronts
Major storms: thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes

Major climate groups

Basic principles of physics

Physics is the "fundamental science" because the other natural sciences (biology, chemistry, geology, etc.) deal with systems that obey the laws of physics. The physical laws of matter, energy, and the forces of nature govern the interactions between particles (such as molecules, atoms, or subatomic particles). Some basic principles of physics are:

Describing and measuring motion

The theory of gravity

Energy, work, and power

Motion, position, and energy

Energy forms

Energy conservation, conversion, and transfer.
Energy sources

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Phases of matter and phase changes
Temperature and thermometers
Energy and heat
Heat flow: conduction, convection, and radiation
The Three Laws of thermodynamics

The principles of waves and sound

The principles of electricity, magnetism, and electromagnetism

The principles, sources, and properties of light

Notable physical scientists

Abu Rayhan al-Biruni - a Persian scientist who is regarded as the father of geodesy, has been described as the "first anthropologist", and is considered one of the earliest geologists.

Alhazen - an Iraqi scientist who wrote the Book of Optics, is regarded as the father of optics and the pioneer of the scientific method, and has been described as the "first scientist".

Archimedes - is considered to be the first mathematical physicist on record. He established the laws of statics, buoyancy, and center of gravity.

Aristotle - the last of the three great influential ancient Greek philosophers, although not considered to be a scientist by today's standards, nevertheless, he influenced the development of the later scientific method by espousing the view that knowledge should be based on empiricism instead of intuition or faith.

Aryabhata - Aryabhata was the first in the line of brilliant mathematician-astronomers of classical Indian mathematics, whose major work was the Aryabhatiya and the Aryabhatta-siddhanta. Aryabhatiya presented a number of innovations in mathematics and astronomy in verse form, which were influential for many centuries.

Bacon, Francis - an Elizabethan philosopher, is credited with the philosophical advocation for the Baconian method, an early forerunner of the scientific method.

Boyle, Robert - an Irish natural philosopher, is regarded as the "father of modern chemistry" due to his distinction between chemistry and alchemy. His namesake is Boyle's Law of an ideal gas, which he discovered, but his contributions to physical science include the definition of a chemical element, the propagation of sound, among others.

Copernicus, Nicolaus - a Polish mathematician and economist, is considered by many to be the "father of modern astronomy" due to his detailed explanation of the heliocentric (Sun-centered) solar system.

Curie, Marie (maiden name: Sklodowska) - a Polish-born French chemist, was the first female Nobel laureate, the first two-time Nobel laureate, and one of only two individuals to receive the Nobel prize in two different fields. She and her husband, Pierre Curie discovered the two elements Polonium and Radium.

Einstein, Albert - a theoretical physicist, is widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20th century. He proposed the theory of relativity and was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics, among other accomplishments.

Euler, Leonhard - Swiss mathematician and physicist, considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all times. His contributions to science includes the Euler-Bournoulli beam equation and Euler equations.

Galilei, Galileo - an astronomer and physicist, is considered the "father of modern physics," "father of modern science", and "father of science" due, in large part, to his conflict with the Roman Catholic Church over the authority of science. However, he's equally impressive scientific contributions to the fields of mechanics, astronomy, and mathematical physics.

Geber - an Arab chemist regarded as the father of chemistry, due to his introduction of an experimental method in the field, and for freeing it from superstition and turning it into a science.

Hutton, James - a Scottish geologist, is considered to be the "father of modern geology," for his formulation of uniformitarianism, that the same geological processes operating today operated in the distant past. Based upon that assumption, he maintained that the age of the earth must be much older than a few thousand years.

Newton, Sir Isaac - a scientist and mathematician, is most renowned for his description of the laws of motion and law of universal gravitation.

Pauling, Linus - an American quantum chemist and biochemist, widely regarded as the premier chemist of the twentieth century. A pioneer in the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry, and one of the founders of molecular biology.

Thales of Miletus - a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, is considered to be the father of science becaused he first encouraged naturalistic explanations of the world, without the supernatural.Further Information

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